请问名义利率和实际利率和IRR（内部收益率）的关系！

1. 请问名义利率和实际利率和IRR（内部收益率）的关系！

一、三者关系：
1、名义利率不能完全反映资金时间价值,实际利率才真实地反映了资金的时间价值。
2、实际利率是指剔除通货膨胀率后储户或投资者得到利息回报的真实利率。所以,实际利率又可理解为是在物价不变、货币购买力也不变的条件下的利率。
3、实际利率=(1+名义利率)/(1+物价变动率)-1(也可以通货膨胀率替代物价变动率)
4、内部收益率 (IRR) 的定义是：净现值 (NPV) 为零时的折现率。
二、通货膨胀率计算公式
通货膨胀率=(现期物价水平—基期物价水平)/基期物价水平
其中基期就是选定某年的物价水平作为一个参照，这样就可以把其他各期的物价水平通过与基期水平作一对比，从而衡量现今的通货膨胀水平。其实，上面所说的只是三种衡量通货膨胀水平方法之一的消费指数折算法，但它是最常用的，此外还有GDP折算法和生产指数折算法。

扩展资料：
利率政策是宏观经济管理中比较重要的工具之一。利率在国家经济中能发挥几个作用。它是对储蓄的报酬，对获得收入的人如何把收入在目前的消费与未来的消费之间进行分配有影响。利率的结构控制将积累起来的储蓄在不同的资产——金融资产和实物资产——之间进行分配。
利率政策对储蓄与投资的过程产生影响，而且通过这些过程对金融资产的发展与多样化、生产的资本密集度以及产值的增长率都产生影响。
当物价稳定时，名义利率和实际利率是一致的。但是，当出现通货膨胀时，经济代理人需要对这两种利率加以区别，一般估计实际利率的办法是，名义利率减去以某种标准得出的国内通货膨胀的变动率。
在利率由行政当局确定的国家，政策制订者可以调整名义利率，设法使实际利率保持正数，这样可以对储蓄起到鼓励作用，可以增加金融媒介作用，还可以促进金融市场的统一。
参考资料来源：百度百科-实际利率

2. 急急急！！！利率变动对股市影响的数学公式（数学模型也可以）

没有公式，你看下面的信息自己做一个正反比例的模型，然后倒入这几年的经济数据拟合吧！！
（参考资料，英文中文都有）

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一般理论上来说,利率下降时,股票的价格就上涨；利率上升时,股票的价格就会下跌。因此,利率的高低以及利率同股票市场的关系,也成为股票投资者据以买进和卖出股票的重要依据。 

    利率对于股票的影响可以分成三种途径: 


    一是利率变动造成的资产组合替代效应,利率变动通过影响存款收益率,投资者就会对股票和储蓄以及债券之间做出选择,实现资本的保值增值。 

    通过资产重新组合进而影响资金流向和流量,最终必然会影响到股票市场的资金供求和股票价格。利率上升,一部分资金可能从股市转而投向银行储蓄和债券,从而会减少市场上的资金供应量,减少股票需求,股票价格下降；反之,利率下降,股票市场资金供应增加,股票价格将上升。 

    二是利率对上市公司经营的影响,进而影响公司未来的估值水平。 


    贷款利率提高会加重企业利息负担,从而减少企业的盈利,进而减少企业的股票分红派息,受利率的提高和股票分红派息降低的双重影响,股票价格必然会下降。相反,贷款利率下调将减轻企业利息负担,降低企业生产经营成本,提高企业盈利能力,使企业可以增加股票的分红派息。受利率的降低和股票分红派息增加的双重影响,股票价格将大幅上升。 

    三是利率变动对股票内在价值的影响。 


    股票资产的内在价值是由资产在未来时期中所接受的现金流决定的,股票的内在价值与一定风险下的贴现率呈反比关系,如果将银行间拆借、银行间债券与证券交易所的债券回购利率作为参考的贴现率,则贴现率的上扬必然导致股票内在价值的降低,从而也会使股票价格相应下降。股指的变化与市场的贴现率呈现反向变化,贴现率上升,股票的内在价值下降,股指将下降；反之,贴现率下降,股价指数上升。 

    以上的传导途径应该是较长的一个时期才能体现出来的,利率调整与股价变动之间通常有一个时滞效应,因为利率下调首先引起储蓄分流,增加股市的资金供给,更多的资金追逐同样多的股票,才能引起股价上涨,利率下调到股价上涨之间有一个过程。如我国央行自1996年5月以来的八次下调存款利率,到2002年1年期定期储蓄存款的实际收益率只有1.58%。在股票价格在较长时间内持续上涨的情况下,股票投资的收益率远远高于存款的报酬率,一部分储蓄存款转化为股票投资,从而加快了储蓄分流的步伐。从我国居民储蓄存款增长率来看,1994年居民储蓄存款增长率45.6%,之后增幅连年下滑,而同一时期股票市场发展迅速,1999年下半年开始储蓄分流明显加快,到2000年分流达到顶点,同年我国居民储蓄存款增长率仅为7.9%。这一年股票市场也牛气冲天。2001年储蓄分流则明显减缓,增长率14.7%,居民储蓄倾向增强。2001年股市波动性加大,股价持续几个月的大幅回调,则是2001年储蓄分流减缓、居民储蓄存款大幅增加的主要原因之一。 

    另外,利率对于企业的经营成本影响同样需要一个生产和销售的资本运转过程,短时间内,难以体现出来。因此,利率和股票市场的相关性要从长期来把握。 

    实际上,就中长期而言,利率升降和股市的涨跌也并不是简单的负相关关系。就是说,中长期股价指数的走势不仅仅只受利率走势的影响,它同时对经济增长因素、非市场宏观政策因素的反应也很敏感。如果经济增长因素、非市场宏观政策因素的影响大于利率对股市的影响,股价指数的走势就会与利率的中长期走势相背离。     

    典型如美国的利率调整和股市走势就出现同步上涨的过程。1992年至1995年美元加息周期中,由于经济处于稳步增长阶段,逐步收紧的货币政策并未使经济下滑,公司盈利与股价走势也保持了良好态势,加息之后,股票市场反而走高,其根本原因是经济增长的影响大于加息的影响。 

    我国从1996年5月进入降息周期的拐点。股指也进入上升周期。利率与股指的走势发生了5年的负相关关系。但2001年在利率没有进入升息周期的情况下,股指开始了下跌的趋势。分析其原因,我国非市场宏观政策因素的影响大于利率对股市的影响。人们对非流通的国有股将进入市场流通的担心和恐惧导致了股市投资的风险和收益发生了非对称的变化。从这个角度来看,由于我国目前非市场宏观政策因素仍然有比较大的不确定性,所以利率对股市的影响不能够成为我们研究和预测股市中长期走势的主要因素。 

    就短期而言,我国利率的变动对股价的走势很难判断存在相关性。利率调整当天和随后的股价波动并不能说明二者之间有何必然的联系。从当前股市的状况分析,很明显也和利率的走势不符合理论上的负相关性。股票市场的低迷更多地被归结为上市公司的质量以及诸多体制性问题和投资者信心问题。因此,在看待我国加息预期对于股票市场的影响时,还要考虑其他诸多因素,而不能简单从前文所述的理论关系来判断。利率只是影响股市的因素之一,而不是惟一决定因素。因此,我们不能唯利率升降是从,要具体分析,何况即使利率上升,股市也并不是就完全没有投资机会。（



Interest rates. Most people pay attention to them, and they can impact the stock market. But why? In this article, we'll explain some of the indirect links between interest rates and the stock market and show you how they might affect your life.

The Interest Rate
Essentially, interest is nothing more than the cost someone pays for the use of someone else's money. Homeowners know this scenario quite intimately. They have to use a bank's money (through a mortgage) to purchase a home, and they have to pay the bank for the privilege. Credit card users also know this scenario quite well - they borrow money for the short term in order to buy something right away. But when it comes to the stock market and the impact of interest rates, the term usually refers to something other than the above examples - although we will see that they are affected as well. (To read more, see Who determines interest rates?)

The interest rate that applies to investors is the U.S. Federal Reserve's federal funds rate. This is the cost that banks are charged for borrowing money from Federal Reserve banks. Why is this number so important? It is the way the Federal Reserve (the "Fed") attempts to control inflation. Inflation is caused by too much money chasing too few goods (or too much demand for too little supply), which causes prices to increase. By influencing the amount of money available for purchasing goods, the Fed can control inflation. Other countries' central banks do the same thing for the same reason.

Basically, by increasing the federal funds rate, the Fed attempts to lower the supply of money by making it more expensive to obtain.(To see more on the Federal Reserve, read Get To Know The Major Central Banks, The Fed Model And Stock Valuation: What It Does And Does Not Tell Us and Formulating Monetary Policy.)

Effects of an Increase
When the Fed increases the federal funds rate, it does not have an immediate impact on the stock market. Instead, the increased federal funds rate has a single direct effect - it becomes more expensive for banks to borrow money from the Fed. However, increases in the discount rate also cause a ripple effect, and factors that influence both individuals and businesses are affected.

The first indirect effect of an increased federal funds rate is that banks increase the rates that they charge their customers to borrow money. Individuals are affected through increases to credit card and mortgage interest rates, especially if they carry a variable interest rate. This has the effect of decreasing the amount of money consumers can spend. After all, people still have to pay the bills, and when those bills become more expensive, households are left with less disposable income. This means that people will spend less discretionary money, which will affect businesses' top and bottom lines (that is, revenues and profits).

Therefore, businesses are also indirectly affected by an increase in the federal funds rate as a result of the actions of individual consumers. But businesses are affected in a more direct way as well. They, too, borrow money from banks to run and expand their operations. When the banks make borrowing more expensive, companies might not borrow as much and will pay a higher rate of interest on their loans. Less business spending can slow down the growth of a company, resulting in decreases in profit. (For extra reading on company lending, read When Companies Borrow Money.)

Stock Price Effects
Clearly, changes in the federal funds rate affect the behavior of consumers and business, but the stock market is also affected. Remember that one method of valuing a company is to take the sum of all the expected future cash flows from that company discounted back to the present. To arrive at a stock's price, take the sum of the future discounted cash flow and divide it by the number of shares available. This price fluctuates as a result of the different expectations that people have about the company at different times. Because of those differences, they are willing to buy or sell shares at different prices. 

If a company is seen as cutting back on its growth spending or is making less profit - either through higher debt expenses or less revenue from consumers - then the estimated amount of future cash flows will drop. All else being equal, this will lower the price of the company's stock. If enough companies experience a decline in their stock prices, the whole market, or the indexes (like the Dow Jones Industrial Average or the S&P 500) that many people equate with the market, will go down. (To learn more, check out Why Do Markets Move?, Forces That Move Stock Prices and What causes a significant move in the stock market?)

Investment Effects
For many investors, a declining market or stock price is not a desirable outcome. Investors wish to see their invested money increase in value. Such gains come from stock price appreciation, the payment of dividends - or both. With a lowered expectation in the growth and future cash flows of the company, investors will not get as much growth from stock price appreciation, making stock ownership less desirable.

Furthermore, investing in stocks can be viewed as too risky compared to other investments. When the Fed raises the federal funds rate, newly offered government securities, such Treasury bills and bonds, are often viewed as the safest investments and will usually experience a corresponding increase in interest rates. In other words, the "risk-free" rate of return goes up, making these investments more desirable. When people invest in stocks, they need to be compensated for taking on the additional risk involved in such an investment, or a premium above the risk-free rate. The desired return for investing in stocks is the sum of the risk-free rate and the risk premium. Of course, different people have different risk premiums, depending on their own tolerance for risk and the company they are buying. However, in general, as the risk-free rate goes up, the total return required for investing in stocks also increases. Therefore, if the required risk premium decreases while the potential return remains the same or becomes lower, investors might feel that stocks have become too risky, and will put their money elsewhere.  

Interest Rates Affect but Don't Determine the Stock Market
The interest rate, commonly bandied about by the media, has a wide and varied impact upon the economy. When it is raised, the general effect is to lessen the amount of money in circulation, which works to keep inflation low. It also makes borrowing money more expensive, which affects how consumers and businesses spend their money; this increases expenses for companies, lowering earnings somewhat for those with debt to pay. Finally, it tends to make the stock market a slightly less attractive place to investment.

Keep in mind, however, that these factors and results are all interrelated. What we described above are very broad interactions, which can play out in innumerable ways. Interest rates are not the only determinant of stock prices and there are many considerations that go into stock prices and the general trend of the market - an increased interest rate is only one of them. Therefore, one can never say with confidence that an interest rate hike by the Fed will have an overall negative effect on stock prices.

3. 概述资本资产定价模型（CAPM）的基本内容及其实践意义。

4. 股票的 阿尔法 贝塔 指的是什么

现代金融理论认为，证券投资的额外收益率可以看做两部分之和。第一部分是和整个市场无关的，叫阿尔法；第二部分是整个市场的平均收益率乘以一个贝塔系数。贝塔可以称为这个投资组合的系统风险。

拓展资料
股票收益是股票股息和因拥有股票所有权而获得的超出股票实际购买价格的收益。投资者购买股票最关心的是能获得多少收益。具体来说，就是红利和股票市价的升值部分。公司发放红利，大致有三种形式，现金红利，股份红利、财产红利。
一般大多数公司都是发放现金股利的，不发放现金红利的主要是那些正在迅速成长的公司，它们为了公司的扩展。需要暂存更多的资金以适应进一步的需要，这种做法常常为投资者所接受。由于股息是股票的名义收益，而股票价格则是经常变化的，因此比较起来，股票持有者对股票价格变动带来的预期收益比对股息更为关心。
衡量股票投资收益水平的指标主要有股利收益率、持有期收益率和拆股后持有期收益率等。
1．股利收益率
股利收益率，又称获利率，是指股份公司以现金形式派发的股息或红利与股票市场价格的比率其计算公式为：该收益率可用于计算已得的股利收益率，也可用于预测未来可能的股利收益率。
2．持有期收益率
持有期收益率指投资者持有股票期间的股息收入与买卖差价之和与股票买入价的比率。其计算公式为：
股票没有到期日，投资者持有股票的时间短则几天，长则数年，持有期收益率就是反映投资者在一定的持有期内的全部股利收入和资本利得占投资本金的比重。持有期收益率是投资者最关心的指标，但如果要将它与债券收益率、银行利率等其他金融资产的收益率作比较，须注意时间的可比性，即要将持有期收益率转化为年率。
3．持有期回收率
持有期回收率是指投资者持有股票期间的现金股利收入与股票卖出价之和与股票买入价的比率。该指标主要反映投资回收情况，如果投资者买入股票后股价下跌或是操作不当，均有可能出现股票卖出价低于买入价，甚至出现持有期收益率为负值的情况，此时，持有期回收率可作为持有期收益率的补充指标，计算投资本金的回收比率。其计算公式为：
4．拆股后的持有期收益率
投资者在买入股票后，在该股份公司发放股票股利或进行股票分割（即拆股）的情况下，股票的市场的市场价格和投资者持股数量都会发生变化。因此，有必要在拆股后对股票价格和股票数量作相应调整，以计算拆股后的持有期收益率。其计算公式为：(收盘价格-开盘价格)/开盘价格股票收益率的计算公式 股票收益率= 收益额 /原始投资额 其中：收益额=收回投资额+全部股利-(原始投资额+全部佣金+税款)
参考资料：百度百科-股票收益    百度百科-α系数   百度百科-β系数

5. 您好，假如我知道每天股票指数，怎么求年指数收益率（annual index return）

用每年最后一个交易日收盘 ----------  上一年度最后一个交易日收盘
得出的数据 除以 上一年度最后交易日收盘，即可得出年涨跌幅度。

6. 为什么console.log(product.bindEvent())是undefind 怎么写才能调这里面的事件方法呢？

product.bindEvent()
你这个应该调用成功了，但是你
bindEvent:function(){

$('.conBottomT>dl').mouseenter(function(){

$(this).css('borderColor','red');

})

}
没写返回值啊，所以console.log(product.bindEvent())返回的是undefind 
你试试bindEvent里加个return

7. 请问有什么软件可以查询上市公司近五年的净利润收益率（ROE）

　　可以到一般上市公司或者交易所网站查。比如：wind 咨询这款软件。

　　净资产收益率(Rate of Return on Common Stockholders' Equity，ROE/Profit Margin on Net Assets)，又称股东权益报酬率/净值报酬率/权益报酬率/权益利润率/净资产利润率，是衡量上市公司盈利能力的重要指标。是指利润额与平均股东权益的比值，该指标越高，说明投资带来的收益越高;净资产收益率越低，说明企业所有者权益的获利能力越弱。该指标体现了自有资本获得净收益的能力。